工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)選(xuan)用(yong)是根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程設計的(de)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)要(yao)求、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)數據條(tiao)件(jian)和采購(gou)(gou)特(te)點等(deng)(deng)(deng)因素，對(dui)管(guan)子、管(guan)件(jian)、閥門、法蘭、墊片、緊固元件(jian)、特(te)殊管(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、隔熱(re)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)、涂漆材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)選(xuan)用(yong)，包(bao)(bao)括管(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)標準(zhun)、材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)質、規格(ge)、結構(gou)形(xing)式、連接形(xing)式等(deng)(deng)(deng)內容(rong)的(de)選(xuan)定。在國(guo)內外(wai)一(yi)些大型工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程公司(si)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)選(xuan)用(yong)的(de)具體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作還(huan)包(bao)(bao)括管(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)數量匯(hui)總(zong)(zong)、向采購(gou)(gou)部門提出(chu)請購(gou)(gou)單、編制管(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)采購(gou)(gou)技(ji)術(shu)要(yao)求文(wen)件(jian)、對(dui)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)提供商文(wen)件(jian)的(de)評閱、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)檢驗和試驗等(deng)(deng)(deng)內容(rong)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)選(xuan)用(yong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作貫穿工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程設計的(de)整個過程。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目的(de)詢價、設計、采購(gou)(gou)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及后期(qi)服務等(deng)(deng)(deng)階段均離不(bu)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)選(xuan)用(yong)。
①. 標準系(xi)列化
目(mu)前大多數(shu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道及其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)都(dou)進行了系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)化，并(bing)有(you)相應的應用(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)作支(zhi)持。因(yin)此(ci)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道材(cai)料(liao)設計時首(shou)先要考(kao)慮的問題就是管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道及其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)的選用(yong)(yong)。一(yi)(yi)個管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)各元(yuan)件(jian)所用(yong)(yong)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的集合稱為應用(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體系(xi)(xi)。這(zhe)些(xie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)應包括(kuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、法蘭及其(qi)(qi)連接件(jian)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、閥門標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)等。這(zhe)些(xie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)通(tong)過一(yi)(yi)定的規則在一(yi)(yi)個管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)得(de)到(dao)應用(yong)(yong)，它們之間相互(hu)銜接、相互(hu)配(pei)合，從而確定了管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道及其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)的基本(ben)參(can)數(shu)。這(zhe)些(xie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)中(zhong)尤其(qi)(qi)以管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和(he)法蘭標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)最具有(you)代表(biao)性(xing)，它們是其(qi)(qi)他應用(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的基礎。
世界上各國應用(yong)的(de)(de)管道標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)有(you)很多，不同的(de)(de)國家有(you)不同的(de)(de)應用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)，而在我(wo)國，不同的(de)(de)行業(ye)(ye)又各采用(yong)不同的(de)(de)應用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。這些標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)之間(jian)千差(cha)萬別，甚至有(you)些標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)相差(cha)甚遠，相互(hu)之間(jian)無法配套使用(yong)和互(hu)換，從而給(gei)使用(yong)者帶來了不少麻(ma)煩。為(wei)此(ci)，工業(ye)(ye)管道設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)第一(yi)步就是選擇應用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)，并作(zuo)為(wei)裝置內各個專業(ye)(ye)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)統一(yi)規定，以(yi)避免各相關專業(ye)(ye)因采用(yong)不能(neng)互(hu)換的(de)(de)其他(ta)應用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)而導致錯誤。
工(gong)程應用：配管(guan)設(she)計的(de)管(guan)子標準系列不(bu)同引起的(de)錯(cuo)誤
圖16.2所示(shi)的(de)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)某施(shi)工現場發現的(de)，因設(she)計引起的(de)錯誤。兩個裝置在(zai)界區接點(dian)，因管子(zi)(zi)標(biao)準系(xi)列不同(tong)引起管子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)不同(tong)而連接不上。左(zuo)側(ce)為(wei)ASME標(biao)準管子(zi)(zi)，右側(ce)為(wei)HG 20553II標(biao)準系(xi)列管子(zi)(zi)，都是(shi)(shi)DN500的(de)公稱直徑(jing)，但是(shi)(shi)左(zuo)側(ce)管子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)為(wei)508mm，右側(ce)管子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)為(wei)530mm。
②. 國際化
現在的(de)工程項(xiang)目越來越國際(ji)(ji)化(hua)，這(zhe)就要(yao)求(qiu)工業管(guan)道(dao)器材設(she)計時按照工程項(xiang)目的(de)具(ju)體要(yao)求(qiu)，選用國際(ji)(ji)化(hua)標(biao)準的(de)管(guan)道(dao)器材。管(guan)道(dao)器材選用設(she)計標(biao)準規范也逐(zhu)漸在統一向(xiang)通用的(de)國際(ji)(ji)化(hua)標(biao)準看齊。
③. 經濟性
經濟性是(shi)指管道的一(yi)次投資(zi)費用(yong)(yong)和(he)(he)操作維護費用(yong)(yong)的綜合(he)(he)指數低。一(yi)般情況下，如果一(yi)次投資(zi)較高的話，其可(ke)靠(kao)性好，操作、維護費用(yong)(yong)低。對于特別重大和(he)(he)復雜的決策，可(ke)借助計(ji)算機分(fen)析取技術和(he)(he)經濟的最(zui)優化組合(he)(he)，如圖(tu)16.3所(suo)示。在設計(ji)時(shi)，要力爭做到管系中各元件具(ju)有(you)相同的強度和(he)(he)壽命選用(yong)(yong)。
④. 多學科(ke)性
工業(ye)管道器(qi)材(cai)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)是配管設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎技(ji)能之一，工業(ye)管道器(qi)材(cai)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)既(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)從事這項(xiang)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程技(ji)術人員具有材(cai)料、力學、機(ji)械、技(ji)術經濟等多學科知識，還要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)能夠運用(yong)(yong)好計(ji)(ji)算機(ji)和(he)外語(yu)兩個(ge)最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工具，結合項(xiang)目實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)采購情況，根據工藝(yi)(yi)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)(yi)管道數據表(biao)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，根據管道布置(zhi)、設(she)(she)(she)備布置(zhi)和(he)管道應力分(fen)析的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，根據甲方提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，并遵循相關法規(gui)和(he)規(gui)定，用(yong)(yong)計(ji)(ji)算機(ji)文本、表(biao)格或者數據庫表(biao)示出(chu)來，成為一個(ge)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)、集體的(de)(de)(de)(de)、創造(zao)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)力勞動。
⑤. 復雜性
工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道工(gong)(gong)程設計(ji)過程中實(shi)際應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)道器(qi)材(cai)種(zhong)類(lei)很(hen)多(duo)，使用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)況也(ye)千(qian)差萬(wan)別，影(ying)響因素和(he)環節也(ye)比(bi)較多(duo)。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道是(shi)一個系統，各(ge)環節相互關聯、相互影(ying)響，管(guan)(guan)(guan)道組成(cheng)件和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道支撐件的種(zhong)類(lei)繁(fan)多(duo)，各(ge)種(zhong)材(cai)料各(ge)有特點(dian)和(he)具(ju)體技術要(yao)求，材(cai)料選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)復雜(za)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)道長徑(jing)比(bi)很(hen)大，極易失穩(wen)，受力(li)(li)情(qing)(qing)況比(bi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)容器(qi)更復雜(za)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)道內(nei)流體流動狀態復雜(za)，緩沖余地小，工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)條件變化頻(pin)率(lv)比(bi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)容器(qi)高（如高溫、高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、低溫、低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、位移(yi)變形、風、雪、地震等都(dou)可能影(ying)響管(guan)(guan)(guan)道受力(li)(li)情(qing)(qing)況）。在做管(guan)(guan)(guan)道器(qi)材(cai)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時需要(yao)全面考慮。管(guan)(guan)(guan)道器(qi)材(cai)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)和(he)裝置(zhi)布置(zhi)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)道布置(zhi)、配管(guan)(guan)(guan)應(ying)力(li)(li)分(fen)析(xi)一樣都(dou)是(shi)完成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)程項目配管(guan)(guan)(guan)（管(guan)(guan)(guan)道）設計(ji)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的基本技術技能。
